{ These 331 references on cognitive mapping, primarily from 1985-1991, { were obtained in plain text from { Stephen Hirtle of U.Pitt { Converted to spatbib format and keywords added by AM 9/21/95 { { For more information on this format and conversion tools, see spatbib.html Aadland, J.; Beatty, W. W.; & Maki, R. H.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial memory for children and adults assessed in the radial maze Developmental Psychobiology, 18(2), 163-172 Abrams, R. A.; & Landgraf, J. Z.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Differential use of distance and location information for spatial localization Perception and Psychophysics, 47, 349-360 Ackerman, P. L.; 1986 PSYCHOLOGY:: Individual differences in information processing: An investigation of intellectual abilities and task performance during practice Intelligence, 10, 101-139 Acredolo, L. P.; & Boulter, L. T.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE SCALE ORIENTATION Effects of hierarchical organization on children's judgments of distance and direction Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 409-425 Aelinski, E. M.; & Light, L. L.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Young and older adults' use of Context in spatial memory Psychology and Aging, 3, 99-101 Alfano, P. L.; & Michel, G. F.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Restricting the field of view: Perceptual and performance effects Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70,35-45 Allen, E. A.; & Larner, S.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial memory and perception in stroke patients: The importance of order effects British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(3) , 227-228 Allen, G. L.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A developmental perspective on the effects of "subdividing" macrospatial experience Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 120-132 Allen, G. L.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The acquisition of spatial knowledge under conditions of temporospatial discontinuity Psychological Research, 50(3), 183-190 Allen, G. L.; & Kirasic, K. C.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Effects of cognitive organization or route knowledge on judgments of macrospatial distance Memory & Cognition, 12, 218-232 Allen, G. L.; & Kirasic, K. C.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Young children's spontaneous use of spatial frames of reference in a learning task British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(2) , 125-135 Allen, G. L.; Siegel, A. W.; & Rosinski, R.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The role of perceptual context in structuring spatial knowledge Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 617-630 Amoretti, G.; & Baldi, P. L.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Contributi allo studio della memoria spaziale: aspetti evolutivi e strategie. ( Some contributions tospatial memory studies: Developmental aspects and strategies. ) Ricerche di Psicologia, No.2, 91-111 Andre, E.; Bosch, G.; & Rist, T.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Coping with the intrinsic and Deictic uses of spatial prepositions In Jorrand, P., & Sgurev, V. (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence II, Proceedings of the second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications, p. 375-382. Varna, Bulgaria: Amsterdam: North Holland Antes, J. R.; McBride, R. B.; & Collins, J. D.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN The effect of a new city traffic route on the cognitive maps of its residents Environmentand Behavior, 20(1) , 75-91 Appleyard, D.; 1976 GIS::URBAN Planning a pluralistic city Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press Aragones, J. I.; & Arredondo, J. M.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Structure of urban cognitivemaps Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5, 197-212 Arbib, M. A.; 1981 NEURAL:: A new synthesis Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 619 Arbib, M. A.; Overton, K.J, & Lawton, D. T.; 1984 VISION:: Perceptual systems for robots Interdisciplinary Science Review, 9, 31-46 Axia, G.; Baroni, M. R.; & Peron, E. M.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Representation of familiar places in children and adults: Verbal reports as a method of studying environmental knowledge Journal of Environmental Psychology, 8(2) , 123-139 Bachmann, E.; & Perrig, W. J.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Die mentale Reprasentation von verbalen Ortsbeschreibungen. (The mental representation of verbal place descriptions. ) Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 47(1) , 25-36 Baillargeon, R.; & Graber, M.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Evidence of location memory in 8 month old infants in a nonsearch AB task Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 502-511 Baillargeon, R.; DeVos, J.; & Graber, M.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Location memory in 8 month old infants in a non search AB task: Further evidence Cognitive Development, 4(4) , 345-367 Baird, J. C.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 90-106 Baird, J. C.; & Berglund, B.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Thesis for environmental psychophysics Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 345-356 Baird, J. C.; Wagner, M.; & Noma, E.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Impossible cognitive spaces Geographical Analysis, 14, 204-216 Baker Ward, L.; & Ornstein, P. A.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Age differences in visual spatial memory performance: Do children really out perform adults when playing Concentration ? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(4), 331-332 Ballard, D. H.; 1981 GRAPHICS::CURVE SIMILARITY Strip trees: A hierarchical representation for curves ACM Communications, 24 (5), 310-321 Barber, P. O.; & Lederman, S. J.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Encoding direction in manipulatory space and the role of visual experience Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 82(3) , 99-106 Barnett, E. A.; 1990 KBS::NATURAL-LANGUAGE Knowledge and natural language understanding Communications of the ACM, 33, 30-49 Barthelemy, J. P.; & McMorris, F. R.; 1986 CLUSTERING::STATISTICS The median procedure for n-trees. Journal of Classification, 3, 329-334 Barthelemy, J. P.; & Monjardet, B.; 1981 CLUSTERING::STATISTICS The median procedure in cluster analysis and social choice theory. Mathematical & Social Sciences, 1, 235-267 Barto, A. G.; & Sutton, R. S.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Landmark learning: An illustration of associative search. Biological Cybernetics, 42, 1-8 Baum, D. R.; & Jonides, J.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Cognitive maps: Analysis of comparative judgments of distance. Memory & Cognition, 7, 462-468 Beattie, R. L.; & Owen, N. J.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Preliminary study of cognitive retraining via computer based activities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(3, Pt 2)-1130 Beatty, W. W.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The Fargo Map Test: A standardized method for assessing remote memory for visuospatial information Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(1) , 61-67 Beatty, W. W.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Remote memory for visuospatial information in patients with Huntington's disease Psychobiology, 17(4) , 431-434 Beatty, W. W.; & Bierley, R. A.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Scopolamine degrades spatial working memory but spares spatial reference memory: Dissimilarity of anticholinergic effect and restriction of distal visual cues Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 23(1) , 1-6 Beatty, W. W.; & Rush, J. R.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Retention deficit after deamphetamine treatment: Memory defect or performance change? Behavioral and Neural Biology, 37(2) , 265-275 Beatty, W. W.; & Spangenberger, M.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Persistence of geographic memories in adults Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(2) , 104-105 Bedford, F. L.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Constraints on learning new mappings between perceptual dimensions Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception an Performance, 15(2) , 232-248 Benjamin, M. Naveh; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Coding of spatial location information: An automatic process? Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(4) , 595-605 Benjamin, Naveh, M.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Recognition memory of spatial location information: Another failure to support automaticity Memory and Cognition, 16(5) , 437-445 Birnbaum, M. H.; Anderson, C. J.; & Hynan, L. G.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE MAP SCALE Two operations for "ratios" and "differences" of distances on the mental map Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(4) , 785-796 Blackmore, S.; 1983 PSYCHOLOGY:: Are out of body experiences evidence for survival? Anabiosis, 3(2) , 137-155 Bonham, G. M.; Shapiro, M. J.; & Heradstveit, D.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY::SIMULATION GAMES Group cognition: Using an Oil Policy Game to validate a computer simulation Simulation and Games, 19(4) , 379-407 Briggs, R.; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE GIS URBAN Urban cognitive distance In Stea, R. M. D. a. D. (Eds.), Image and environment (pp. 361-388). Chicago: Adeline Broadwel, M.; 1985 FLYING:: Tactical aircraft Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers, 548:153-160 Bruce, P. R.; & Herman, J. F.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Adult age differences in spatial memory: Effects of distinctiveness and repeated experience Journal of Gerontology, 41(6) , 774-777 B{\"o\"o}k, A.; G{\"a}rling, T. G.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Maintenance of environmental orientation during body rotation Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 583-589 Cadwallader, M.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Problems in cognitive distance: Implications for cognitive mapping Environment and Behavior, 11, 559-576 Canter, D.; & Tagg, S.; 1975 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Distance estimation in cities Environment and Behavior, 7, 59-80 Chua, F. K.; & Psychophysics; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The processing of spatial frequency and orientation information Perception, 47, 79-86 Casson, R. W.; 1983 PSYCHOLOGY::SCHEMA Schemata in cognitive anthropology (Review) Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, 429-462 Chase, W. G.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial representations of taxi drivers Source Unknown. September 1982 Chase, W. G.; & Chi, M. T. H.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive skill: Implications for spatial skill in large-scale environments In Harvey, J. H. (Eds.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp. 111-136). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Cherry, K. E.; & Park, D. C.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Age related differences in three dimensional spatial memory Journals of Gerontology, 44(1) , p.16-P22 Clarkson Smith, L.; & Halpern, D. F.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Can age related deficits in spatial memory be attenuated through the use of verbal coding? Experimental Aging Research, 9(3) , 179-184 Clayton, K.; & Chattin, D.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial and semantic priming effects in tests of spatial knowledge Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(3) , 495-506 Cohen, R. (Ed.); 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of spatial cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Cohen, R.; & Schuepfer, T.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The representation of landmarks and routes Child Development, 51, 1065-1071 Cohen, R.; Baldwin, L. M.; & Sherman, R. C.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive maps of a naturalistic setting Child Development, 49, 1216-1218 Cohen, R.; Cohen, S. L.; & Cohen, B.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The role of functional activity for children's spatial representations of large scale environments with barriers Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 34(2) , 115-129 Cornell, E. H.; Heth, C. D.; & Broda, L. S.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Children's wayfinding: Response to instructions to use environmental landmarks Developmental Psychology, 25(5) , 755-764 Cosic, C.; & Munro, P.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Learning to represent and understand locative prepositional phrases. ??, 257-262 Couclelis, H.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS A theoretical framework for alternative models of spatial decision and behaviour Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76, 95-113 Couclelis, H.; Golledge, R. G.; Gale, N.; & Tobler, W.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Exploring the anchor-point hypothesis of spatial cognition Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 99-122 Cunningham, H. A.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Aiming error under transformed spatial mappings suggests a structure for visual motor maps Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(3) , 493-506 Damos, D.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The effect of using voice generation and recognition systems on the performance of dual tasks Special Issue: Aviation Psychology. Ergonomics, 29(11) , 1359-1370 Das, J. P.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for spatial and temporal order in deaf children American Annals of the Deaf, 128(7) , 894-899 De Beni, R.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Differenti effetti della mnemotecnica dei "loci" in buoni e cattivi localizzatori. (Different effects of "loci" mnemonics in good and bad localizers.) Ricerche di Psicologia, 9(4) , 49-71 De Minvielle, P.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Le plan d'appartement, moyen privilegie d'explorer la representation de l'espace. (The apartment plan: An informative way of exploring the representation of space.) Perspectives Psychiatriques, 27(12) , 117-122 Dimanzo, M.; Adorni, G, & Giunchig, F.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Reasoning about scene descriptions Proceedings of the IEEE, 74, 1013-1025 Douglas, S. A.; Novick, D. G.; Tomlin, R. S.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Consistency and variation in spatial reference Unknown Downs, R. M.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Maps and mappings as metaphors for spatial representation In L. S. Liben, A. H. P., B N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span (pp. 143-166). New York: Academic Press Downs, R. M.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Maps and metaphors Professional Geographer, 33, 287-293 Duez, B.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Topiques dans l'espace: Essai sur les graphiques des topiques freudiennes: Premieres approches. (Mental topography in space: An essay on the graphics of Freudian topographies: Initial approaches.) Perspectives Psychiatriques, 27(12) , 127-133 Easton, R. D.; & Bentzen, B. L.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for verbally presented routes: A comparison of strategies used by blind and sighted people Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 81(3) , 100-105 Elliott, R. J.; & Lesk, M. E.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Route finding in street maps by computers and people Proceedings of National AAAI-82 Conference, Pittsburgh, PA Ellis, N. R.; & Rickard, T. C.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: The retention of automatically and effortfully encoded stimulus attributes Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(4) , 299-302 Ellis, N. R.; Katz, E.; & Williams, J. E.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Developmental aspects of memory for spatial location Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 44(3) , 401-412 Ellis, N. R.; Woodley Zanthos, P.; & Dulaney, C. L.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for spatial location in children, adults, and mentally retarded persons American Journal on Mental Retardation, 93(5) , 521-526 Elmes, D. G.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Interference in spatial memory Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(4) , 668-675 Evans, G. W.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Environmental cognition Psychological Bulletin, 88, 259-287 Evans, G. W.; & Pezdek, K.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real-world distance and location information Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 13-24 Evans, G. W.; Brennan, P. L.; Skorpanich, M. A.; & Held, D.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Cognitive mapping and elderly adults: Verbal and location memory for urban landmarks Journal of Gerontology, 39(4) , 452-457 Evans, G. W.; Fellow, J.; Zorn, M.; & Doty, K.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive mapping and architecture Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 474-478 Evans, G. W.; Marrero, D.; & Butler, P.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Environmental learning and cognitive mapping Environment and Behavior, 13, 83-104 Fabricius, W. V.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY::PLANNING The development of forward search planning in preschoolers Child Development, 59(6) , 1473-1488 Fisher, P. F.; MacKaynes, W.A.; Peacegoo, G.; & Wilkinson, G. G.; 1988 GIS:: Artificial intelligence and expert systems in geodata processing Progress in Physical Geography, 12, 371-388 Fisk, A. D.; & Ackerman, P. L.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY:: Effects of type of responding on memory/visual search: Responding just "yes" or just "no" can lead to inflexible performance Perception and Psychophysics, 43(4) , 373-379 Flicker, C.; & al, e.; 1985 PSYCHOLOGY:: Animal and human memory dysfunctions associated with aging, cholinergic lesions, and senile dementia Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444 , 515-517 Foreman, N.; Arber, M.; & Savage, J.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial memory in preschool infants Developmental Psychobiology, 17(2) , 129-137 Franklin, N.; & Tversky, B.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Searching imagined environments Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 63-76 Friederici, A. D.; Levelt, W. J. M.; & Psychophysics; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial reference in weightlessness: Perceptual factors and mental representations Perception, 47, 253-266 Gale, N.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Some applications of computer cartography to the study of cognitive configurations Professional Geographer, 34, 313-321 Gallagher, M.; King, R. A.; & Young, N. B.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Opiate antagonists improve spatial memory Science, 221(4614) , 975-976 Golledge, R. G.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Learning about urban environments In T. Carlstein, D. P., B N. Thrift (Eds.), Timing space and spacing time. (pp. . London: Edward Arnold Golledge, R. G.; 1981 GIS:: Uncritical rhetoric - A classic disservice (Reply letter) Professional Geographer, 33, 247-251 Golledge, R. G.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Substantive and methodolgical aspects of the interface between geography and psychology In Rayner, R. G. G. a. J. N. (Eds.), Proximity and preference (pp. xix-xxxix). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Golledge, R. G.; & G{\"a}rling, T. G.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Environmental perception and cognition In Moore, E. H. Z. a. G. T. (Eds.), Advances in Environmental, Behavior, and Design, Vol. 2 (pp. 203-236): Plenum Publishing Golledge, R. G.; & Hubert, L. J.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Some comments on non-Euclidean mental maps Environment and Planning A, 14, 107-118 Golledge, R. G.; & Zannaras, G.; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive approaches to the analysis of human spatial behavior In Ittelson, W. (Eds.), Environment and cognition (pp. 59-94). New York: Seminar Press Golledge, R. G.; Raynor, J. N.; & Rivizzigno, V. L.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Comparing objective and cognitive representations of environmental cues In J. N.~Rayner, and R. G. G. (Eds.), Proximity and preference (pp. 223-266). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Golledge, R. G.; Rivizzigno, V. L.; & Spector, A.; 1976 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Learning about a city: Analysis by multidimensional scaling In Rushton, R. G. G. a. G. (Eds.), Spatial choice and spatial behavior (pp. 95-116). Columbus: Ohio State Press Golledge, R. G.; Smith, T. R.; Pellegrino, J. W.; Doherty, S.; & Marshall, S. P.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A conceptual model and empirical analysis of children's acquisition of spatial knowledge Journal of Environmental Psychology, 5, 125-152 Gopal, S.; & T.R.; S.; 1990 GIS::URBAN NAVIGATION PSYCHOLOGY Human way-finding in an urban-environment - A performance analysis of a computational process model Environment and Planning A, 22, 169-191 Gopal, S.; Klatzky, R.L, & Smith, T. R.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION Navigator - A psychologically based model of environmental learning through navigation Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 309-331 Gordon, A. D.; Jupp, P. E.; & Byrne, R. W.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP The construction and assessment of mental maps British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42(2) , 169-182 Gould, P.; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP On mental maps In Stea, R. M. D. a. D. (Eds.), Image and environment (pp. 182-220). Chicago: Adeline Greene, E.; & Naranjo, J. N.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Thalamic role in spatial memory Behavioural Brain Research, 19(2) , 123-131 Grieve, K. W.; & Van Staden, F. J.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A cross cultural study of children's cognitive maps South African Journal of Psychology, 18(3) , 91-95 Gutbrod, K.; Cohen, R.; Maier, T.; & Meier, E.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for spatial and temporal order in aphasics and right hemisphere damaged patients Cortex., 23(3) , 463-474 G{\"a}rling, T. G.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The role of cognitive maps in spatial decisions Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9(4) , 269-278 G{\"a}rling, T. G.; B{\"o}{\"o}k, A, & Lindberg, E.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY SCALE PLANNING NAVIGATION Cognitive mapping of large-scale environments: The interrelationship of action plans, acquisition, and orientation Environmental and Behavior, 16, 3-34 G{\"a}rling, T. G.; Lindberg, E.; Carreiras, M.; & B{\"o}{\"o}k, A.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY LANDMARK Reference systems in cognitive maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6, 1-18 G{\"a}rling, T.; B{\"o}{\"o}k, A, & Ergenzen, N.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for the spatial layout of the everyday physical environment - Differential rates of acquisition of differnt types of information Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23, 23-35 G{\"a}rling, T.; B{\"o}{\"o}k, A, & Linderg, E.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial orientation and wayfinding in the designed environment - A conceptual analysis and some suggestions for postoccupancy evaluation Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 3, 55-64 Hardwick, D. A.; McIntyre, C. W.; & Pick, H. L.; 1976 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The content and manipulation of cognitive maps in children and adults Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 41, (3, Serial No. 166) Hardwick, D. A.; Woolridge, S. C.; & Rinalducci, E. J.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY LANDMARK Selection of landmarks as a correlate of cognitive map organization Psychological Reports, 53(3, Pt 1) 807 813 CO: PYRTAZ- Harrell, L. E.; & Barlow, T. S.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The superior cervical ganglia and learning of a spatial memory task Physiology and Behavior, 37(3) , 419-421 Hart, R. A.; & Moore, G. T.; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of spatial cognition: A review In Stea, R. M. D. a. D. (Eds.), Image and environment (pp. 246-288). Chicago: Adeline Hayes-Roth, B.; & Hayes-Roth, F.; 1979 PSYCHOLOGY::AI PLANNING A cognitive model of planning Cognitive Science, 4, 275-318 Hazen, N. L.; Lockman, J. L.; & Pick, H. L.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of children's representations of large-scale environments Child Development, 49, 623-636 Herman, J. F.; & Siegel, A. W.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale enviroment Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, , 26, 389-401 Herman, J. F.; Kail, R. V, & Siegel, A. W.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive maps of a college campus: A new look at freshman orientation Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 183-186 Hernandez, D.; 1994 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Qualitative representation of spatial knowledge Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 804. In Editor (Eds.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Herskovits, A.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NATURAL-LANGUAGE Semantics and pragmatics of locative expressions Cognitive Science, 9, 341-378 Hintzman, D. L.; O'Dell, C. S.; & Arndt, D. R.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Orientation in cognitive maps Cognitive Psychology, 13, 149-206 Hirtle, S. C.; 1987 CLUSTERING::STATISTICS On the classification of recall strings using lattice-theoretic measures Journal of Classification, 4, 227-242 Hirtle, S. C.; & Heidorn, P. B.; 1993 GIS:: The structure of cognitive maps: Representations and processes In G{\"a}rling, T., & Golledge, R. G. (Eds.), Behavior and environment: Psychological and geographical approaches (pp. 170-192). Amsterdam: North-Holland Hirtle, S. C.; & Jonides, J.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Comparative distance judgments in perceptual and memorial tasks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, November, San Diego Hirtle, S. C.; & Jonides, J.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY SCALE Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps Memory and Cognition, 3, 208-217 Hirtle, S. C.; & Kallman, H. K.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY CLUSTERING SCALE Memory for the location of pictures: Evidence of hierarchical clustering American Journal of Psychology, 2, 159-170 Hirtle, S. C.; & Mascolo, M. F.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The effect of semantic clustering on the memory of spatial locations Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 181-189 Holding, C. S.; & Holding, D. H.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION Acquisition of route network knowledge by males and females Journal of General Psychology, 116(1) , 29-41 Holyoak, K. J.; & Mah, W. A.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY::SCALE LANDMARK DISTANCE Cognitive reference points in judgments of symbolic magnitude Cognitive Psychology, 14, 328-352 Holyoak, K. J.; & Thagard, P.; 1989 CONSTRAINT::PSYCHOLOGY Analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction Cognitive Science, 13(3), Jul Sep, 295-355 Hooper, K.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The use of computer-controlled video disks in the study of spatial learning Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 13, 77-84 Howard, J. H.; & Kerst, S. M.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory and perception of cartographic information for familiar and unfamiliar environments Human Factors, 23, 495-504 Iaccino, J.; & Byrne, J.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY::MAP IMAGERY Mental layouts of concealed objects as a function of imagery type and experimental conditions Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(5) , 402-404 Indow, T.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Alleys in visual space Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 19, 221-258 Irwin, D. E.; Zacks, J. L.; & Brown, J. S.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Visual memory and the perception of a stable visual environment Perception and Psychophysics, 47, 35-46 Isaacs, E. B.; & Vargha Khadem, F.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Differential course of development of spatial and verbal memory span: A normative study British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(4) , Nov, 377-380 Johnson, S. C.; 1967 PSYCHOLOGY::CLUSTERING::STATISTICS Hierarchical clustering schemes Psychometrika, 32, 241-254 Jolly, J. P.; Reynolds, T. J.; & Slocum, J. W.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY:: Application of the means end theoretic for understanding the cognitive bases of performance appraisal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41(2) , 153-179 Julstrom, B. A.; & Baron, R. J.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY A model of mental imagery International Journal of Man Machine Studies, 23(3) , 313-334 Just, M. A.; & Carpenter, P. A.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY ROTATION Cognitive coordinate systems - Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability Psychological Review, 92, 137-172 Justice, E. M.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: Preschoolers' knowledge and use of behaviors varying in strategic effectiveness Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 35(3) , 363-377 Kearins, J.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Visual spatial memory in Aboriginal and White Australian children Special Issue: Contributions to cross cultural psychology. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(3) , 203-214 Kemp, S.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY METRIC AREA SHAPE VISION Memorial psychophysics for visual area: The effect of retention interval Memory and Cognition, 16(5) , 431-436 Kender, J. R.; & Leff, A.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Why direction giving is hard: The complexity of using landmarks in one dimensional navigation Special Issue: Computer vision. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19(6), Nov Dec , 1656 -1659 Kennelly, K. J.; & Wilcox, G.; 1985 PSYCHOLOGY:: Laterality of cerebral function: Relations with anxiety, repression, and perception Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60(3) , 791-795 Kirasic, K. C.; Allen, G. L.; & Siegel, A. W.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Expression of configurational knowledge of large-scale environments: performance of cognitive tasks Environment and Behavior, 16, 687-712 Kosslyn, S. M.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye Cognitive Psychology, 10, 356-389 Kosslyn, S. M.; & Pomerantz, J. P.; 1977 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations Cognitive Psychology, 9, 52-76 Kosslyn, S. M.; Ball, T. M.; Reiser, B. J.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 47-60 Kosslyn, S. M.; Pick, H. L.; & Fariello, G. R.; 1974 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive maps in children and men Child Development, 45, 707-716 Kosslyn, S. M.; Pinker, S.; Smith, G. E.; & Schwartz, S. P.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY On the demystification of mental imagery Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2, 535-581 Kuchler, E.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY:: Untersuchungen zur Aktivierung von Wissensstrukturen im menschlichen Gedachtnis. (Studies on activation of knowledge structures in human memory). Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 196(2) , 129-145 Kuipers, B.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Modelling spatial knowledge Cognitive Science, 2, 129-153 Kuipers, B.; 1982 SPATIAL:: The map in the head metaphor Environment and Behaviour, 14, 202-220 Kuipers, B.; 1985 SPATIAL:: The cognitive map averlaps the environmental frame, the situation, and the real-world formulary Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 8 &P 298 Kuipers, B. J.; & Levitt, T. S.; 1988 SPATIAL:: Navigation and mapping in large-scale space AI Magazine, 9(2), 25-43 Kuipers, B.; Moscowit, A.J, & Kassirer, J. P.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY:: Critical decisions under uncertainty - Representation and structure Cognitive Science, 12, 177-210 Kulhavy, R. W.; Caterino, L. C.; & Melchiori, F.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatially cued retrieval of sentences Journal of General Psychology, 116(3) , 297-304 Lansman, M.; & Hunt, E.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY:: Individual differences in secondary task performance Memory and Cognition, 10(1) , 10-24 Larkin, J.; McDermott, J.; Simon, D. P.; & Simon, H. A.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY QUALITATIVE Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems Science, 208, 1335-1342 Leiser, D.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The changing relations of representation and cognitive structure during the development of a cognitive map New Ideas in Psychology, 5(1) , 95-110 Leiser, D.; & Zilbersh, A.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The traveler - A computational model of spatial network learning Environment and Behaviour, 21, 435-463 Levine, M.; Jankovic, I. N.; & Palij, M.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Principles of spatial problem solving Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 157-175 Liben, L. S.; Patterson, A. H.; & Newcombe, N. (Ed.); 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial representation and behavior across the life span New York: Academic Press Lieblich, I.; & al, e.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Multiple representations of space underlying behavior Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(4) , 627-659 Lindberg, E.; & Garling, T.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for spatial location in two dimensional arrays Acta Psychologica, 64(2) , 151-166 Lindberg, E.; & G{\"a}rling, T.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY LANDMARK NAVIGATION Acquisition of locational information about reference points during locomotion - The role of central information-processing Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23, 207-218 Lindberg, E.; & G{\"a}rling, T.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Acquisition of different types of locational information in cognitive maps - Automatic or effortless processing Psychological Research, 45, 19-38 Lloyd, R.; 1982 GIS:: A look at images (Review) Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72, 532-548 Lockman, J. J.; Rieser, J. J.; Pick, H. L. Jr; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Assessing blind travelers' knowledge of spatial layout Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 321-326 Lundberg, C. G.; 1989 GIS:: Knowledge acquisition and expertise evaluation Professional Geographer, 41, 272-283 Lynch, K.; 1960 GIS::URBAN The image of the city Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Maass, W.; 1993 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A cognitive model for the process of multimodal, incremental route descriptions In Frank, A. U.; & Campari, I. (Eds.), Spatial information theory: A theoretical basis for GIS Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 716 (pp. 1-13). Berlin: Springer-Verlag MacEachren, A. M.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE GIS Travel time as the basis of cognitive distance Professional Geographer, 32, 30-36 MacKay, D. B.; 1976 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS The effect of spatial stimuli on the estimation of cognitive maps Geographical Analysis, 8, 439-452 MacKay, D. B.; & Zinnes, J. L.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Probalistic scaling of spatial judgments Geographical Analysis, 13, 21-37 Maccoby, E.; & Jacklin, C.; 1974 PSYCHOLOGY:: The psychology of sex differences Stanford: Stanford University Press. Magnussen, S.; Landro, N. I.; & Johnsen, T.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY ORIENTATION VISION Visual half field symmetry in orientation perception Perception. , 14(3) , 265-273 Maki, R. H.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Categorization and distance effects with spatial linear orders Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 15-32 Maki, R. H.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY::CATEGORIZATION Why do categorization effects occur in comparative judgment tasks? Memory and Cognition, 10, 252-264 Maki, R. H.; Maki, W. S. Jr.; & Marsh, L. G.; 1977 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Processing locational and orientational information Memory and Cognition, 5, 602-612 Maki, W. S.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Differential effects of electroconvulsive shock on concurrent spatial memories: "Old" memories are impaired while "new" memories are spared Behavioral and Neural Biology, 43(2) , 162-177 Maki, W. S.; Beatty, W. W.; & Clouse, B. A.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Item and order information in spatial memory Journal of Experimental Psychology:AnimalBehavior Processes, 10(4) , 437-452 Mark, D. M.; Gould, M.D, & McGranaghan, M.; 1987 SPATIAL::GIS NAVIGATION TRAFFIC-MAP GIS Computerized navigation assistance for drivers Professional Geographer, 39, 215-220 Mark, D.; & Frank, A. U. (Ed.); 1991 GIS:: Cognitive and linguistic aspects of geographic space Boston: Kluwer Massaro, D. W.; & Friedman, D.; 1990 PSYCHOLOGY::SENSOR-FUSION Models of integration given multiple sources of information Psychological Review, 97, 225-252 Mastroianni, G. R.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY::MUSIC SONAR The influence of eye movements and illumination on auditory localization Perception and Psychophysics, 31(6) , 581-584 McArthur, D. J.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY::VISION Computer vision and perceptual psychology (Review) Psychological Bulletin, 92, 283-309 McClelland, J. L.; & Rumelhart, D. E.; 1981 NEURAL::CONTEXT OCR An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1 Psychological Review, 88, 375-407 McDermott, D.; & Davis, E.; 1984 AI::NAVIGATION Planning routes through uncertain territory AI, 22, 107-156 McGranaghan, M.; Mark, D.M, & Gould, M. D.; 1987 SPATIAL::GIS NAVIGATION TRAFFIC-MAP Automated provision of navigation assistance to drivers American Cartographer, 14, 121-138 McGranahan, M.; 1988 GIS:: GIS URBAN Map use and map alternatives - An expert in intraurban navigation Canadian Geographer, 32, 69-75 McKeithen, K. B.; Reitman, J. S.; Rueter, H. R.; & Hirtle, S. C.; 1981 PSYCHOLOGY::SOFTWARE-ENGG Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307-325 McNamara, T.; 1992 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial representation Geoforum, 2, 139-150 McNamara, T. P.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Mental representations of spatial relations Cognitive Psychology, 18, 87-121 McNamara, T. P.; & LeSueur, L. L.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Mental representations of spatial and nonspatial relations The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A, 215-233 McNamara, T. P.; Altarriba, J.; Bendele, M.; & Johnson, S. C. e. a.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Constraints on priming in spatial memory: Naturally learned versus experimentally learned environments Memory and Cognition, 17(4) , 444-453 McNamara, T. P.; Hardy, J. K.; & Hirtle, S. C.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 211-227 McNamara, T. P.; Ratcliff, R.; & McKoon, G.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The mental representation of knowledge acquired from maps Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 723-732 Mehler, J.; Walker, E. C. T.; & Garrett, M. (Ed.); 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Perspectives on Mental Representations Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum: Merrill, A. A.; & Baird, J. C.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Semantic and spatial factors in environmental memory. Memory & Cognition, 15, 101-108 Miller, J.; 1990 PSYCHOLOGY:: Discreteness and continuity in models of human infomation processing Acta Psychologica, 74, 297-318 Milne, W. J.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A framework for the investigation of of a spatial data base Computer Journal, 24, 52-55 Miron, M. A.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Representation of urban spaces and spatial reference systems Communication and Cognition, 17, 437-461 Miron, M. A.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Configurational representation - A double experimental paradox in the mapping of Mexico and Geneva Communication and Cognition, 19, 99-123 Moar, I.; & Bower, G. H.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Inconsistency in spatial knowledge Memory and Cognition, 11, 107-113 Moar, I.; & Carleton, L. R.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION Memory for routes Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34A, 381-394 Moeser, S. D.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive mapping in a complex building Environment and Behavior, 20(1) , Jan , 21-49 Moore, R. S.; & Ross; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Development differences in environmental cognition In Preiser, W. F. E. (Eds.), Environmental design research: Vol.~2, (pp. 221-231). Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson Morra, S.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NATURAL-LANGUAGE Developmental differences in the use of verbatim versus spatial representations in the recall of spatial descriptions: A probabilistic model and an experimental analysis Journal of Memory and Language, 28(1) , 37-55 Morrow, D. G.; Greenspan, S.L, & Bower, G. H.; 1987 NATURAL-LANGUAGE:: Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 165-187 Mosca, P. R. F.; & Fagundes, L. D.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Conceptualizations of children who are programming in Logo - The construction and composition of modules in mental images and programming Arquiros Brasileros de Psicologia, 38(3), 58-70 Moyer, R. S.; & Psychophysics; 1973 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY Comparing objects in memory: Evidence suggesting an internal psychophysics Perception, 13, 180-184 Nakamura, N.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY::SPATIAL An analysis of individual differences in monitoring: Information processing of acquiring the knowledge of space Japanese Journal of Psychology, 58(6) , 388-392 Netherton, S. D.; et al.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: Changes in the performance of Parkinsonian patients and normal aged on the Benton Visual Retention Test Experimental Aging Research, 15 , 13-18 Newcombe, N.; & Liben, N.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY::SPATIAL MAP Barrier effects in the cognitive maps of children and adults Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34, 46-58 Newell, A.; 1988 AI::KBS KNOWLEDGE-REP PSYCHOLOGY SOAR as a unified theory of cognition. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Montreal, Canada, August 1988. Norrisbaker, C.; & Scheidt, R. J.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: Habituation theory and environment - Aging research - Ennui de joie-de-vivre International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 29, 241-257 O'Keefe, J.; & Nadel, L.; 1978 PSYCHOLOGY::BRAIN MAP The hippocampus as a cognitive map. . ?? O'Keefe, J.; & Nadel, L.; 1979 PSYCHOLOGY::BRAIN MAP Multiple book review of the hippocampus as a cognitive map Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 487-533 Okabayashi, H.; & Glynn, S. M.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial cognition: Systematic distortions in cognitive maps Journal of General Psychology, 111(2) , 271-279 Okebukola, P. A.; & Jegede, O. J.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: Students' anxiety towards and perception of difficulty of some biological concepts under the concept mapping heuristic Research in Science and Technological Education, 7(1) , 85-92 Olton, D. S.; 1985 PSYCHOLOGY:: A comparative analysis of memory Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(3) , 480-484 Osherson, D. N.; Smith, E. E.; Wilkie, O.; Lopez, A.; & Shafir, E.; 1990 PSYCHOLOGY::LEARNING CATEGORIZATION Category-based induction Psychological Review, 97, 185-200 Ozekes, M.; Gilleard, C.; & sample, Z. m. o. a. p. i. a. T.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY HUMAN-FACE Remembering faces and drawings: A test of Hasher Journals of Gerontology, 44(4) , 122-123 Pailhous, J.; & Peruch, P.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY What spaces - What subjects Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 646-647 Paivio, A.; 1975 PSYCHOLOGY::VISION IMAGERY Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647 Palmer, C.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY::MUSIC Mapping musical thought to musical performance Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 15(2) , 331-346 Panakhova, E.; Buresova, O.; & Bures, J.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Persistence of spatial memory in the Morris water tank task International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2(1) , 5-10 Park, D. C.; Puglisi, J. T.; & Sovacool, M.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NATURAL-LANGUAGE Memory for pictures, words, and spatial location in older adults: Evidence for pictorial superiority Journal of Gerontology, 38(5) , 582-588 Parsons, L. M.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY::VISION Serial search and comparison of features of imagined and perceived objects Memory and Cognition, 16(1) , 23-35 Passini, R.; & Proulx, G.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION MAP Wayfinding without vision: An experiment with congenitally totally blind people Environment and Behavior, 20(2) , 227-252 Passini, R.; Delisle, J.; Langlois, C.; & Proulx, G.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION MAP Wayfinding information for congenitally blind individuals Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 82(10) , 425-429 Pezdek, K.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Memory for items and their spatial locations by young and elderly adults Developmental Psychology, 19(6) , 895-900. Learning and Memory, 5, 360-373 Pezdek, K.; & Evans, G. W.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Visual and verbal memory for objects and their spatial locations Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Pezdek, K.; Roman, Z.; & Sobolik, K. G.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NATURAL-LANGUAGE Spatial memory for objects and words Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(4) , 530-537 Piaget, J.; Inhelder, B.; & Szeminska, A.; 1960 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The child's conception of geometry New York: Basic Books. Pinker, S.; 1979 SPATIAL::MAP Mental maps, mental images, and intuitions about space Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2 Pinker, S.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Special issue - Visual cognition - An introduction Cognition, 18, 1-63 Pipkin, J. S.; 1982 GIS:: Some remarks on multidimensional scaling in geography In N.~Rayner, R. G. G. a. J. (Eds.), Proximity and preference (pp. 214-232). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Podgorny, P.; & Shepard, R. N.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Functional representations common to visual perception and imagination Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 21-35 Pollatsek, A.; Rayner, K.; & Henderson, J. M.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Role of spatial location in integration of pictorial information across saccades Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 199-?? Porter, L. J.; & Kirby, E. A.; 1986 PSYCHOLOGY::NATURAL-LANGUAGE Effects of two instructional sets on the validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Nonverbal Scale with a group of severely hearing impaired children Psychology in the Schools, 23(1) , 37-43 Poucet, B.; 1993 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial cognitive maps in animals: New hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms Psychological Review, 100, 163-182 Powrie, S. E.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY CAD 3D GEOMOD Applying cognitive psychology to 3 D modelling in CAD Applied Ergonomics, 20(4) , 252-254 Presson, C. C.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of landmarks in spatial memory: The role of differential experience Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 44(3) , 317-334 Presson, C. C.; DeLange, N.; & Hazelrigg, M. D.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Orientation specificity in kinesthetic spatial learning: The role of multiple orientations Memory and Cognition, 15(3) , 225-229 Presson, C. C.; DeLange, N.; & Hazelrigg, M. D.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Orientation specificity in spatial memory: What makes a path different from a map of the path? Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(5) , 887-897 Pritchard, W. S.; & Hendrickson, R.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The structure of human attention: Evidence for separate spatial and verbal resource pools Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23(3) , 177-180 Quinn, J. G.; & Ralston, G. E.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Movement and attention in visual working memory Special Issue: Human memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 38A, 689-703 Ramey, J. C.; Peruch, P.; & Pailhous, J.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Influence des relations entre les observables sur l'elaboration du referentiel spatial exocentre : ( Effect of geometric relations between the scenes on the elaboration of exocentric spatial frame of reference) Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 2(2) , 207-216 Richardson, G. D.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP METRIC Some metric properties of mental maps In Golledge, R. G., Parnicky, J. J., & Rayner, J. N. (Eds.), The spatial competence of selected populations (pp. 120-139). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Riesbeck, C. K.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NATURAL-LANGUAGE CONTEXT-POV You can't miss it - Judging the clarity of directions Cognitive Science, 4, 285-303 Rieser, J. J.; Lockman, J. J.; Pick, H. L. Jr; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The role of visual experience in knowledge of spatial layout Perception and Psychophysics, 28, 185-190 Rivizzigno, & Golledge, R. G.; 1975 GIS::URBAN PSYCHOLOGY MAP A method for recovering cognitive information about a city In Carson, D. H. (Eds.), Man-Enviroment Interactions, Part 11 (pp. 9-17). Milwaukee: School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Univ. of Wisconsin Rovine, M. J.; & Weisman, G. D.; 1989 SPATIAL::SKETCH MAP PSYCHOLOGY Sketch map variables as predictors of way finding performance Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9(3) , 217-232 Rowen, R. B.; & Hardwick, D. A.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Effects of landmark salience and direction of travel on young children's memory for spatial location Journal of Psychology, 113(2) , 271-276 Ruddell, R. B.; & Boyle, O. F.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY::NATURAL-LANGUAGE A study of cognitive mapping as a means to improve summarization and comprehension of expository text Reading Research and Instruction, 29(1) , 12-22 Russell, J. A.; & Ward, L. M.; 1982 PSYCHOLOGY:: Enviromental psychology Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 651-688 Rusted, J. M.; & Warburton, D. M.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY:: The effects of scopolamine on working memory in healthy young volunteers Psychopharmacology, 96(2) , 145-152 Sadalla, E. K.; & Magel, S.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE The perception of traversed distance Environment and Behavior, 12, 65-79 Sadalla, E. K.; & Montello, D. R.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY ORIENTATION NAVIGATION Remembering changes in direction Environment and Behavior, 21(3) , 346-363 Sadalla, E. K.; & Staplin, L. J.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE An information storage model for distance cognition. Environment and Behavior, 12, 183-193 Sadalla, E. K.; & Staplin, L. J.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE The perception of traversed distance: Intersections. Environment and Behavior, 12, 167-182 Sadalla, E. K.; Burroughs, W. J.; & Staplin, L. J.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Reference points in spatial cognition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 516-528 Sadalla, E. K.; Staplin, L. J.; & Burroughs, W. J.; 1979 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Retrieval processes in distance cognition Memory and Cognition, 7, 291-296 Saisa, J.; Svensson, A.; G{\"a}rling, T.; & Lindberg, E.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE GIS URBAN Intraurban cognitive distance - The relationaship between judgements of straight-line distances, travel distances, and travel-times (Notes) Geographical Analysis, 18, 167-174 Sattath, S.; & Tversky, A.; 1977 PSYCHOLOGY::SIMILARITY SPATIAL CLUSTERING Additive similarity trees Psychometrika, 42, 319-345 Scholnick, E. K.; Fein, G. G.; & Campbell, P. F.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION Changing predictors of map use in wayfinding Developmental Psychology, 26(2) , 188-193 Schwartz, N. H.; & Kulhavy, R. W.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MEMORY Encoding tactics in the retention of maps Contemporary Educational Psychology, 13(1) , 72-85 Seigel, A. W.; & White, S. H.; 1975 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments In Reese, H. W. (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior 10 (pp. . New York: Academic Press Sharps, M. J.; & Gollin, E. S.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Methods of evaluating performance on spatial memory tasks Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 24(1) , 18-20 Sharps, M. J.; & Gollin, E. S.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Aging and free recall for objects located in space Journals of Gerontology, 43(1) , 8-11 Shepard, R. N.; 1975 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY SHAPE ROTATION Form, formation, and transformation of internal representation In Solso, R. L. (Eds.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 87-122). Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum Shepard, R. N.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The mental image American Psychologist, 33, 125-137 Shepard, R. N.; & Chipman, S.; 1970 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY SHAPE ROTATION Second-order isomorphism of internal representations: Shapes of states Cognitive , Psychology, 1-17 Sherman, R. C.; Croxton, J.; & Smith, M.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Movement and structure as determinants of spatial representations Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 4, 27-39 Sholl, M. J.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION Cognitive maps as orienting schemata Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(4) , 615-628 Siegel, A. W.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The externalization of cognitive maps by children and adults: search of ways to ask better questions In L. Liben, A. P., B N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span. (pp. . New York: Academic Press Siegel, A. W.; & White, S. H.; 1975 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The development of spatial representations of large-scale enviroments In Reese, H. W. (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior: Vol. 10. (pp. 9-55). New York: Academic Press Sivolapov, S. K.; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY::SPATIAL IMAGERY Characteristics of imagery in developmentally backward schoolchildren Defektologiya, 2 , 3-10 Skeen, J. A.; & Rogoff, B.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Children's difficulties in deliberate memory for spatial relationships: Misapplication of verbal mnemonic strategies? Cognitive Development, 2(1) , 1-19 Smirni, P.; Villardita, C.; & Zappala, G.; 1983 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial memory span in adolescents: Cultural and sex differences Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(1) , 175-178 Smith, M. L.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Recall of spatial location by the amnesic patient H M. Special Issue: Single case studies in amnesia: Theoretical advances. Brain and Cognition, 7(2) , 178-183 Smith, T. R.; 1983 GIS::URBAN PSYCHOLOGY Computational process models of individual decision making behavior In Crosby, R. W. (Eds.), Cities and regions as non-linear systems (pp. 175-210). Boulder, CO: Westview Press Smith, T. R.; 1984 GIS:: Artificial intelligence and its applicability to geographical problem solving Professional Geographer, 36, 147-158 Smith, T. R.; Pellegrino, & Golledge, R. G.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS Computational process models of spatial cognition and behavior Geographical Analysis, 14, 305-325 Smyth, M. M.; & Pendleton, L. R.; 1990 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Space and movement in working memory Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42A, 291-304 Smyth, M. M.; Pearson, N. A.; & Pendleton, L. R.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Movement and working memory: Patterns and positions in space Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 40A , 497-514 Spector, A. N.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN IMAGERY An analysis of urban spatial imagery Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Spencer, C.; & Blades, M.; 1986 GIS:: Pattern and process - A review essay on the relationship between behavioural geography and environmental psychology (Review) Progress in Human Geography, 10, 230-248 Stea, D.; 1969 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP GIS The measurement of mental maps: An experimental model for studying conceptual spaces In Cox, K. R., & Golledge, R. G. (Eds.), Behavior problems in geography: A symposium (pp. 228- 253). Evanston: Northwestern Univ Steenhuis, R. E.; & Goodale, M. A.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE The effects of time and distance on accuracy of target directed locomotion: Does an accurate short term memory for spatial location exist? Journal of Motor Behavior, 20(4) , 399-415 Steinke, T.; & Lloyd, R.; 1983 GIS::MAP ROTATION PSYCHOLOGY Images of maps: A rotation experiment Professional Geographer, 35, 455-461 Stern, E.; & Leiser, D.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY GIS URBAN Levels of spatial knowledge and urban travel modeling Geographical Analysis, 20, 140-155 Stevens, A.; 1976 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY The role of inference and internal structure in the representation of spatial information Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Stevens, A.; & Coupe, P.; 1978 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Distortions in judged spatial relations Cognitive Psychology, 10, 422-437 Stevens, S. S.; 1961 BIO::SENSOR:: The psychophysics of sensory function In Rosenblith, W. A. (Eds.), Sensory communication (pp. 1-33). Cambridge: MIT Press Streeter, L. A.; Vitello, D.; & Wonsiewicz, S. A.; 1985 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY NAVIGATION CONTEXT-POV NATURAL-LANGUAGE LANDMARK How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22, 549-562 S{\"a}is{\"a}, J.; & G{\"a}rling, T.; 1987 PSYCHOLOGY:: Sequential choices in the large-scale environment Environment and Behavior, 19, 614-635. Taylor, B.; & Taylor, A.; 1989 PSYCHOLOGY:: Social casework and environmental cognition: Mobility training for community mental health services Social Work, 34(5) , 463-467 Thorndyke, P. W.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY DISTANCE Distance estimation from cognitive maps Cognitive Psychology, 13, 526-550 Thorndyke, P. W.; & Hayes-Roth, B.; 1982 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation Cognitive Psychology, 14, 560-589 Thorndyke, P. W.; & Stasz, C.; 1980 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Individual differences in procedures for knowledge acquisitions from maps Cognitive Psychology, 12, 137-175 Tolman, E. C.; 1948 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Cognitive maps in rats and men Psychological Review, 55, 189-208 Tsotsos, J. K.; 1984 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY VISION Knowledge and the visual process - Content, form, and use Pattern Recognition, 17, 13-27 Tubi, N.; & Calev, A.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Verbal and visuospatial recall by younger and older subjects: Use of matched tasks Psychology and Aging, 4(4) , 493-495 Tverksy, B.; 1993 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models In Frank, A. U., & Campari, I. (Eds.), Spatial information theory: A theoretical basis for GIS Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 716 (pp. 14-22). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Tversky, B.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Distortions in memory for maps Cognitive Psychology, 13, 407-433 Vanetti, E. J.; & Allen, G. L.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Communicating environmental knowledge - The impact of verbal and spatial abilities on the production and comprehension of route directions Environment and Behaviour, 20, 667-682 Waddell, K. J.; & Rogoff, B.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Contextual organization and intentionality in adults' spatial memory Developmental Psychology, 23(4) , 514-520 Wallace, R.; 1989 NATURAL-LANGUAGE:: Cognitive mapping and the origin of language and mind Current Anthropology, 30(4) , Aug Oct , 518-526 Walsh, D.; Krauss, I.; & Regnier, V.; 1981 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Spatial ability, environmental knowledge, and environmental use: The elderly In L. Liben, A. P., B N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span. (pp. . New York: Academic Press Walther, P.; 1987 GIS:: Material for a pragmatischen human-geography Geographische Zeitschrift, 75, 99-110 Wilkie, D. M.; & Kennedy, D. J.; 1987 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Computer simulation of pigeons' performance on a spatial memory task Behavioural Processes, 14(1) , 105-122 Willner, P.; & Birbeck, K. A.; 1986 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Effects of chlordiazepoxide and sodium valproate in two tests of spatial behaviour Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 25(4) , 747-751 Winn, W. D.; & Sutherland, S. W.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Factors influencing the recall of elements in maps and diagrams and the strategies used to encode them Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1) , 33-39 Wood, D.; & Beck, R.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY IMAGERY Janine Eber maps London: Individual dimensions of cognitive imagery Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9(1) , 1-26 Yeap, W. K.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY MAP Towards a computational theory of cognitive maps AI, 34, 297-360 Yoshino, R.; 1991 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY A note on cognitive maps: An optimal spatial knowledge representation Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 371-393 Yum, J. O.; 1988 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Multidimensional analysis of international images among college students in Japan, Hong Kong, and the United States Journal of Social Psychology, 128(6) , 765-777 Zhang, W. R.; Chen, S. S.; & Bezdek, J. C.; 1989 SPATIAL::PSYCHOLOGY Pool2: A generic system for cognitive map development and decision analysis IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19(1) , 31-39 Zipser, D.; 1986 SPATIAL::NAVIGATION NEURAL Biologically plausible models of place recognition and goal location In Rumelhart, J. L. M. &. D. E. (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition 2, Cambridge, Mass: Bradford