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%  COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, LECTURE NOTES
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\def\lecture{Intro to Networking} %select and enter title
\def\scribe{Logan N. Caldara}           %enter your name

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  \title{Computer Communication Networks\ \\
         Lecture \lectureNr: \lecture}
  \author{Notes taken by \scribe}
  \date{1 September 2009}
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\begin{summary}
This document contains a student's notes of the lecture delivered
by Dr. Stephen Bush to the CSI416/516 class at University of Albany,
on 2009 September 1, It is general introductory course material.
\end{summary}

\section{Introduction}

\begin{enumerate}
\item In this section is the contact information of the instructor: 
Dr. Stephen Bush. Dr. Bush's phone number 
(518) 387-6827, his e-mail address is bushsf@research.ge.com;  
his website is:

     \url{http://www.cs.albany.edu/~bushsf}.

Office hours follow the regular class lecture, they are held in HU-132.

\item Dr. Bush uses a ``scribe system'' in his course; this is how it works:
\begin{itemize}
\item Two students are selected from the class and assigned the task of taking notes during the lecture, they are then required to transcribe them into a format that can be processed as a \LaTeX document, they will make the notes available to other class members prior to the next class period.
\end{itemize}

The schedule for who is taking notes for each lecture is on slide 6.
\end{enumerate}

\section{Syllabus and Grading}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
 To see the course syllabus go to the website at:

            \url{http://www.cs.albany.edu/~bushsf}
it contains details of the topics which week they will be covered. 

\item 
Required textbooks:  ``Active Networks and Active Network Management: A Proactive Management Framework'', by Stephen Bush and Amit Kulkarni, Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-306-46560-4; and 'Communications Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures', second edition, by Alberto Leon-Garcia and Indra Widjaja, McGraw-Hill, 2003, ISBN 0-07-246352-X.

\item 

Composition of the course grade is as follows:
\begin{itemize}
   \item Midterm exam         : 20 per cent of final grade

   \item Final exam           : 20 per cent of final grade

   \item Software Project     : 10 per cent of final grade

   \item Final Project        : 30 per cent of final grade

   \item Homework assignments : 10 per cent of final grade

   \item Student Notes         : 5 per cent of final grade
   
   \item i$<$Clicker Responses  :  5 per cent of final grade
\end{itemize}

\item 
The final project is a computer simulation using the 'ns-2' package.
The 'ns-2' software can be downloaded from the website:

   \url{http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/}

It is recommended that you start to learn Network Simulator 2 now.
Instructions are available in the Lecture 1 slides on the course website.
\end{enumerate}


\section{Course Goal/Background Knowledge}
\begin{enumerate}
\item
Goal: This course will provide a background in networking and data communications, 
combining theory and applications.  
The course will be based on sound engineering principles

\item
Background knowledge is needed in basic calculus, Probability, matrices, 
scheduling, linear algebra and Optimization.

\item
It is helpful to have good programming skills, especially in C language. Additionally
computer architecture, basic performance analysis, software design and data structure/
algorithms

\item
You will also need good communication skills.

\item
Teaching Goals:
Prepare and reward good students, 
Improve the students skills in network design/analysis, network systems software design
and implementation, performances analysis, performance tuning and documentation design.
\end{enumerate}


\section{What is Networking?}
Discussion:  POTS (plain old telephone system) and web application were
             compared and contrasted.  Other kinds of networks were also included.
             Several points were mentioned:  POTS is a point-to-point (circuit) connection,
             the Internet is a multi-nodal packet switched network. The Net has 
             redundant connections/links. 
             
             

\begin{enumerate}

\item 
             Even though computer networks are digital, they still rely upon analog
             waveforms for the transmission of the digital signal.
\end{enumerate}


\section{Networks}

             Common networks were discussed; they include:
             Smoke signals
             Postal, telegraph, telephone, broadcast, cable TV, Internet Sensor, Nano and 
             biological networks as well as i clickers

\begin{enumerate}


\item
Four factors were identified as drivers: standards, technology, regulation and markets.

\item
Scale free versus random networks were discussed.  Scale free network topologies have been shown to be representative of the Internet topology (as well as in many other fields). A scale free network tends to have a few highly connected nodes and many less connected nodes. This is in contrast to the a random network in which node connections are uniformly distributed. The Internet is the out-growth of DARPANET (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
\end{enumerate}


\section{Protocols}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
A protocol is a basis for communication between two entities, whether they be
devices or persons.

\item
The standardization of a new protocol can take as much as a decade of work.  An example of
this is IP v6 (see slide \#38)

\item
Data is encoded onto a specific medium which uses signals that are digital or
analog waves.  The medium can be copper, fiber, light and radio waves are the
most common

\item
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second.  The higher the bandwidth the more information
that can be sent in a given time-frame.  Latency or delay is the time it takes for information
to travel from the source to the destination.  The delay bandwidth product is a metric
to determine the volume of the information in a communication pipe.
\end{enumerate}


\section{Graphs and Link Capacity}
Graphs can be used to represent the links in a network in an abstract fashion.  One of
the ways to do this is to use a matrix representation of the network. Linear algebra 
is used to find the maximum flow through a network of links. Slides \# 44 thru \# 53 cover 
the rest of the class lecture.



Topics for next week (lecture date 2009 SEP 08) are layering and sockets.

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